Organized drug Unorganized drug

Difference between

 

Organized drug	Unorganized drug
1. Cellular structure present	1. cellular structure is absent
2. Organized drugs are part of plant, animal like, fruits, seeds, and roots.	2. Unorganized drugs are Obtained from parts of plant & animal by extraction, distillation incision.; Expression
3. To study organized drug properly, there T. S. or L. C. is token & study under microscope.	3. For study of unorganized drug physical constituent like density, viscosity, refractive index, optical rotation & chemical test are important criteria
4. They are solid in nature	4. They are solid, semi solid, or liquied
5. Ex. Fennel, Dill,	5. Lemon oil, Starch, Catechu.

 

Gum	Mucilage
1. Gums are produced by plant when it in injured of diseased by a process " Gummosis"	1. Mucilage is the normal products of plant growth.
2. Gum is produced outside the plant cell.	2. Mucilage is produced inside the cell.
3. Gums are soluble in water to form adhesive solution.	3. Mucilage are not soluble in water, they form slimy solution with water.
4. Gums are made up of sugar, salts of uronic acid e.g. Gum acacia, gum Tragacanth gum.	4. Mucilage is made up of ester & Sulphuric acid. e. g. Mucilage is present in Agar, Senna, Isapgol.

 

Dried Juice: - The juices are obtained from fleshy leaves (aloes) or from stems of the trees (kino). In all cases, incisions are made to respective part of the plant and juices coming out juice collected and dried.

LATEX : -

Latex is a product present in special tissue of plant it is white, aqueous, suspension, the suspended particles are protein, sugar, minerals, alkaloid, resin, starch. E.g. opium, papain, Gutta percha. The extract drugs are obtained by treating the part of plant with water or distillation e.g. Agar, black, catechu, gelatin

ADULTERATION

ADULTERATION

Definition:

Adulteration is the debasement of the article. Adulterant resembles in color, size, and shape of genuine drug.

Method of adulteration:

The adulteration may be deliberate or accidental

 Accidental adulteration is due to-

Carelessness, ignorance or due to lack of knowledge.

Deliberate adulteration is done to get high price of drug. Adulteration involves following

Conditions- .

1.      Spoilage, 2. Deterioration.  3. Inferiority. 4. Substitution.

Method of Adulteration: -

1.         Replacement by Exhausted Drug

It is usual in case of costly drugs like clove, Ginger, fennel, Tea, etc. The active chemical constituents are exhausted from these drugs & exhausted drug is colored properly & mixed with genuine drug.

2.         Substitution by Similar in appearance but inferior drugs: -

If the drug has not reached minimum standards of quality then it is known as inferior drug. These inferior drugs are used for adulteration.

e. g. Digitalis leaves, which contain less amount of glycosides are used as adulterant in gunine digitalis leaves.

3.         Substitution by artificially prepared adulterants: -

e. g. i) Paraffin wax is colored yellow & is mixed with bees wax. ii) Artificial invert sugar is mixed with honey.

4.         Substitution by substandard commercial Varieties :-

i) Capsicum annum is used to mix with Capsicum minimum. ii) Seeds of Strychnous nux blanda are used as adulterant in the seeds of Strychnous nuxvomica.

5.         Presence of Organic matter from the same plant: -

i) Clove stalks are used as adulterant in cloves. ii) Parts Of inflorescence of fennel, caraway, and coriander are used to mix in fennel, caraway & coriander respectively.

6.         Addition of synthetic chemical: -

i) Benzyl benzoate is added to Peru balsam. ii) Addition of Citral  to Lemon grass      

Oil

PHARMACEUTICAL AIDS

 

"Pharmaceutical aids are the drugs or substances which have no or little pharmacological effect but they are essentially used in the preparation of pharmaceutical dosage forms" (like tablets, injections, emulsions, ointments.)

Class                                                                         Examples.

 

1. Coloring agent                : Turmeric, chlorophyll, Caramel, Cochineal insect for red

   colour.

2. Flavoring agent              : Cardamom, cinnamon oil, rose, Orange peel, Nut-meg

3. Sweeting agent              : Honey, Sucrose, Lactose, and Liquorice.

4. Binding agent                 : Mucilage of Acacia, Mucilage of Tragacanth 2 % starch

  solution.

5. Diluents                            : Lactose, starch, Arachis oil, cinnamon water, sesame oil,

  and Peppermint  water.

6. Disintegrating                 : Isapgol Methylcellulose, Carboxymethylcellulose(CMC),  

    Agent                                   microcrystalline cellulose, psyllium husk

7.  Lubricants                      : Talc, coca butter, and magnesium trisilicate.

8. Emulsifying Agent         : Gum tragacanth, agar, and Gum acacia.

9. Suspending agents       : Bentonite, Gum tragacanth, Gum acacia

10. Ointment bases            : Bee wax, spermaceti, and lanolin, Carnauba wax

11. Thickening agent         : Methylcellulose, pectin, Tragacanth

Define Drug: -

"Drugs are those substances which are used in humans or animals either externally or internally for the treatment prevention, diagnosis, mitigation of diseases, it also includes substances which are used to kill of expel warms from G. I. T. or insects & the substances which affect the any fun or structure of body"

Technical Product: -

1)         The crude drug which are used as medicine as well as in industry is known as Technical Product. e. g. Papain: It is used for digestion of protein. In industry it is used to prevent chill haze in beer & to make meat soft.

2)         Oleoresin of ginger: - It is used as carminative. In soft drink industry used to give particular taste.

3)         Starch: It is used as binding agent, disintegrating agent & in halogen poisoning In cloth industry as filler.

CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS

CLASSIFICATION OF CRUDE DRUGS

 

There are following methods of classification.

1.      Alphabetic method of classification

2.      Chemical method of classification.

3.      Pharmacological method of classification.

4.      Morphological method of classification.

5.      Taxonomical method of classification.

6.      Chemo- taxonomical method of classification.

1.         Alphabetic Method of Classification

In this method drugs are classified according to first alphabet of their English or Latin name. This method is adopted in many books like I. P. (Indian Pharmacopoeia) N.P. (National formulary) U.S (United states Pharmacopoeia), B.P. In I.P.1955 drugs where given according to Latin name. In I. P. 1966 names changed in to English.

Amylum Changed in to starch

Acacia changed in to Indian gum.

Advantages: -If we know the name of drug, we can study it properly.

2.         Chemical Method of Classification: -

Drugs are classified according to their active chemical constituent. Drugs which

Contain similar chemical are grouped in one place.

Chamical Content	Drugs
1. Volatile oil                        2. Alkaloid                             3. Glycoside                                     4 Fixed oil & fat                               5. Carbohydrates                           6. Vitamins                                       7. Lipid	Fennel oil, coriander. Rauwolfia, Datura Nuxvomica, Cinchona,and Vinca Senna leaf, Digitalis. Arachis oil, sesame oil, castor oil Acacia, Honey, starch, Isapgol Shark liver oil, cod liver oil wheat, Germ oil, Amla. Castor oil, peanut oil, mustard, and wool fat

 

Disadvantages: -

 

1.      This method does not give any idea about source of drug.

2.      Some drugs contain two important chemicals so it is difficult to classify them.

e. g. Nutmeg contains volatile oil as well as fat. Cinchona contains glycoside as well as alkaloid.

3.      No idea whether drug is organized or unorganized.

Advantages: -

If we know chemical constituent. It is easy to study the drug.

Pharmacological Classification: -

The drugs having similar pharmacological effect in body are grouped together.

Pharmacological Action	Drug
1. Carminatives	Fennel, Dill, Coriander, and Clove.
2.  Purgatives	Cascara- sagrada, Aloe, Senna, and Rhubarb.
3.  Cardio tonics	Digitalis, squill, and strophanthus
4.   Anthelmintic	Artemisia, Male- fern, and Quassia
5.  Anti- cancer	Podophyllum, Vinca
6.  CNS Stimulant	Nuxvomica
7.  Expectorant	Vasaka, Liquoric
8.  Bitter tonic	Gentian, Cinchona, and Nux vomica

 

 

Disadvantages: -

1.         Some crude drugs have two different pharmacological actions therefore it is difficult to classify them. E.g. Nux- vomica is CNS stimulant as well as bitter tonic. Cinchona is bitter tonic as well as Antimalarial & Antipyretic.

2.         Drugs that have different mechanism of action have to be grouped together.

e. g. Castor oil is irritant purgative & Isapgol is bulk purgative but they are placed in one       group.

3.         No idea whether drugs are organized or unorganized

4.         This method does not give any idea of source of drugs.

Advantages: -

If we know pharmacological action it is easy to study the drug.

 

Morphological Classification: -

In this method drugs are divided into parts of plants like, Roots, Flowers, Leaves, Wood, Extracts, Gum, Bark.

 

Part of Plant	Drugs
Fruit:	Caraway, Fennel,
Seed:	Nuxvomica, Nutmeg, colchicum
Bark:	Arjuna, Cinchona, cinnamon
Gum:	Acacia, Tragacanth, Streculia, and Guargum
Latex:	Opium, Papaya
Extract:	Catechu, Agar, and gelatin.
Leaf:	Coca, Digitalis, Senna, and Vasaka.

Advantages: -

1.         It is more convenient for practical purpose.

2.         Even if the chemical content or action of drug is not known the drug can be studied properly.

3.         It gives idea about source of drugs

4.         It gives idea whether it is organized / unorganized.

Disadvantages: -

During collection, drying & packing morphology of drug changes. They are difficult to study.

Taxonomical Classification: -

It is purely biological classification. Drugs are given according to position of plant in plant kingdom. It is difficult system.

Disadvantage: -

No idea about organized / unorganized.

Fennel: -

Division                      -           Angiosperm.

Class                          -           Dicotyledonae

Order                          -           Umbelliflorae.

Family                         -           Umbelliferae.

Example                     -           Fennel.

Chemo taxonomical: -

This is recent type of classification in which equal importances have been given to family of plant & it's chemical constituents. It has been found that there is closed relationship between chemical composition of the plant and its position in plant kingdom.

Ex. plants of Umbeliferae contain volatile oil, plants of Solanaceae, Apocyanaceae contain alkaloid.

HISTORY, DEFINATION AND SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY

HISTORY, DEFINATION AND SCOPE OF PHARMACOGNOSY

• Pharmacognosy is defined as scientific & systematic study of structural, physical, chemical & biological characters of crude drugs along with history, method of cultivation, collection & preparation for the market.
• Crude Drugs: - Crude drugs are the drugs, which are obtained form natural sources like plant. Animals , minerals & they are used as such as they occur in nature without any processing except, drying & size reduction.

 

Source	Example
Vegetable Source	Fennel, Dill, Clove and Senna
Animal Source	Honey, Bees wax, Shark liver Oil
Mineral Source	Talc, Chalk, Bentonite

 

Work of Seydler.

Seydler was German scientist he wrote a book " Analecta Pharmacognistica " in 1815. In this book he used word pharmacognosy first time he coined (to Prepare) this word by combining two Greek words

1) Pharmakon: - Drug

2) Gignosco: - To acquire knowledge of 

2)        Work of Galen:  - (131 - 200)

Galen was Greek pharmacist; he worked on extraction of chemical constituent from the plants. He developed various methods of extraction therefore the branch of pharmacy which deals with extraction of chemical constituent from plants & animals is called as galenical Pharmacy.

3)         Hippocrates (460 - 360. B.C.)

Before the birth of Jesus. He was Greek scientist; he worked on human anatomy & Physiology Particularly on circulatory system & nervous system. He prepared famous oath for physicians, which is still taken by the physicians. He is known as father of medicine.

 

 

4)         Indian History Of Pharmacognosy: -

It is about 5500 years old, in the suktas of Rigveda & Atharwaveda medicinal property of plant is given. There are several medicinal plants, which are given with there use. The old Ayurveda Books, Charak samhita & Sushrutsamtita described many medicinal plants.

5)         Traditional Indian System of medicine (Indigenous) i. g. old system.

a) Ayurveda: - The old system of treatment in India. It is 5500 years old. Ayurveda believes there are 3 principles 1) cough. 2) Vat. 3) Pitta. Which are responsible to maintain health. If their equilibrium is disturbed persons suffers from diseases

Ayurveda cures the cause of disease. The principles of positive health and therapeutic measures embedded in this system relate to mental, physical, social and spiritual welfare of human beings. Drugs of Ayurveda are obtained mostly from plants.

Dosage of Ayurveda are 1) Bhasma (oxides of metals) 2) Quath (extracts) 3) Gutika (pills) 4) Lep (ointment) 5) Asava & Arishtha (Alcohol containing liquids.) 6) powder. 7) Medicated oils. There are eight braches of Ayurveda.

1.      Kayachikitsa (Internal medicine)

2.      Kumarbhritya (pediatrics)

3.      Trachchikitsa (psychological medicine)

4.      Shalakya Tantra [(CENT) Ears, Nose & throat]

5.      Shalya Tantra (surgery)

6.      Agada tantra (toxicology)

7.      Rasayana tantra (geriatrics- medicines for the old persons)

8.      Vajikaran tantra [Aphrodisiacs, drugs which are sexual stimulants.]

Sidha System of Medicine.

The "Siddhas" developed the Sidha system of medicine (Spiritual persons). It is old than ' Vedic culture ' it belongs to Dravidian culture. Like Ayurveda the medicines are prepared from plants. The literature of this system is given in Tamil Language. Like Ayurveda it believes that all objects in universe, are made from 5. Elements. 1) Earth. 2) Water. 3) Sky. 4) Air. & 5) Fire.

Diseases are identified by examination of pulse, voice, colour, of urine, tongue, and shadow. Etc. The books are written in Tamil.

 

Naturopathy & yoga: -

Naturopathy is not only a system of treatment but it also teaches the way of living. In naturopathy use of soil & water is important in treatment of diseases mudpacks & steam baths are used. Fasting is also used to treat diseases.

Yoga consists of two parts: -

1.Exercises (physical postures). 2. Meditation

1.         Exercises: -              Improves blood circulation in the body.

2.         Meditation: - consists of 1) Breathing exercise 2) observance of austerity, 3) physical postures 4) Restraining of sense organ,, 5) Contemplation, 6).meditation & 7) samadhi.

This system helps us to improve physical, mental & social health. It improves personal behavior of the person.

DEFINATIONS

 

1)     Carminative: -The Agent, which expels gases from G. I. tract, is known as carminative.

e. g. Fennel, Dill, Caraway

2)     Expectorant: - The drug / agent which increases Fluidity of cough & helps in easy removal of cough are known as expectorant.

e. g. Vasaka, Tolu-balsam, Benzoin.

3)     Purgative: - The drug which evacuate the bowl

e. g. Senna leaf, Castor oil,  Rhubarb.

4)     Laxative: - These are the purgatives, which have mild action.

e. g. senna

5)     Cathartic: - These are drastic purgative stools produced are watery in nature.

e.g. Castor oil, Rhubarb.

6)     Analgesic: - The drugs which relieves pain by acting on Central Nervous System. They are of two types

I)                    Narcotic Analgesics e. g. Opium

II)                   Antipyretic Analgesics e. g. Aconite

7)     Antipyretic Analgesics: - The drug, which reduces, elevated body temp.

e. g. Cinchona bark

8)     Diaphoretic: - Drug, which reduces, elevated body temperature by increasing rate of sweating.

e. g. Tulsi, Camphor Tulsi, Camphor

9)     Diuretic: - The drug, which increases rate of Formation & excretion of urine, is known as diuretic.

e. g. Tea, Buchu leaves

10) Emetic: - The drug which produces vomiting.

e. g. Mustard, Ipecac Senega.

11) Febrifuge: - The drug which reduces the body temperature.

12) Hypnotic: - The drug which produces sleep, like Natural sleep, is known as Hypnotic e. g. Opium

13) Sedative: - The drug, which lowers activity of any organ or central Nervous System, is known as sedative. (Tranquillizer.)

 

14)  Oxytocic: - The drug which causes contraction of uterus.

e. g. Ergot

15) Anthelmintic: - The drug, which kills or expels, worms from G. I. T.

e. g. Santonica flower, Chenopodium oil.

16) Appetizer: - The drug which increases desire for food

e. g. Cinchona, Nux-vomica.

17) Aphrodisiac: - An agent which stimulate sexual desire

e. g. lahsun.

18) Bitter: - Bitters are drugs having bitter taste, due to bitter taste they stimulate nerves and stimulate secretion of stomach and appetite.[S1] e.g. Cinchona, Nux vomica.

19) Counter irritant: - Counter irritant is a substance, which when applied is externally produces irritation. This irritation is mild in nature, this irritation reduce the original pain sensation.

e. g. Camphor, Turpentine oil, methyl salicylate.

20) Stomachic: - The drug, which increases secretion of gastric juice & function of stomach, digestion is known as stomachic   e. g. Fennel, Dill, Gentian.